Module 4 - Software Testing Sample Questions - 4B
Q1: The notation for conditions is as follows: “T” (true) means that the condition is satisfied. “F” (false) means that the condition is not satisfied. “–” means that the value of the condition is irrelevant for the action outcome. “N/A” means that the condition is infeasible for a given rule. For actions: “X” means that the action should occur. Blank means that the action should not occur. Other notations may also be used.
A: True
B: False
A: True
The notation for conditions is as follows: “T” (true) means that the condition is satisfied. “F” (false) means that the condition is not satisfied. “–” means that the value of the condition is irrelevant for the action outcome. “N/A” means that the condition is infeasible for a given rule. For actions: “X” means that the action should occur. Blank means that the action should not occur. Other notations may also be used.
Q2: A full decision table has enough columns to cover every combination of conditions. The table can be simplified by deleting columns containing infeasible combinations of conditions. The table can also be minimized by merging columns, in which some conditions do not affect the outcome, into a single column. Decision table minimization algorithms are out of scope of this syllabus.
A: True
B: False
A: True
A full decision table has enough columns to cover every combination of conditions. The table can be simplified by deleting columns containing infeasible combinations of conditions. The table can also be minimized by merging columns, in which some conditions do not affect the outcome, into a single column. Decision table minimization algorithms are out of scope of this syllabus.
Q3: In decision table testing, the coverage items are the columns containing feasible combinations of conditions. To achieve 100% coverage with this technique, test cases must exercise all these columns. Coverage is measured as the number of exercised columns, divided by the total number of feasible columns, and is expressed as a percentage.
A: True
A: False
A:True
In decision table testing, the coverage items are the columns containing feasible combinations of conditions. To achieve 100% coverage with this technique, test cases must exercise all these columns. Coverage is measured as the number of exercised columns, divided by the total number of feasible columns, and is expressed as a percentage.
Q4: The strength of decision table testing is that it provides a systematic approach to identify all the combinations of conditions, some of which might otherwise be overlooked. It also helps to find any gaps or contradictions in the requirements. If there are many conditions, exercising all the decision rules may be time consuming, since the number of rules grows exponentially with the number of conditions. In such a case, to reduce the number of rules that need to be exercised, a minimized decision table or a risk-based approach may be used.
Select One Option
A: True
B: False
A: True
The strength of decision table testing is that it provides a systematic approach to identify all the combinations of conditions, some of which might otherwise be overlooked. It also helps to find any gaps or contradictions in the requirements. If there are many conditions, exercising all the decision rules may be time consuming, since the number of rules grows exponentially with the number of conditions. In such a case, to reduce the number of rules that need to be exercised, a minimized decision table or a risk-based approach may be used.
Q5: The transitions are assumed to be instantaneous and may sometimes result in the software taking action. The common transition labeling syntax is as follows: “event [guard condition] / action”. Guard conditions and actions can be omitted if they do not exist or are irrelevant for the tester.
A: True
B: False
A:True
State Transition Testing
A state transition diagram models the behavior of a system by showing its possible states and valid state transitions. A transition is initiated by an event, which may be additionally qualified by a guard condition. The transitions are assumed to be instantaneous and may sometimes result in the software taking action. The common transition labeling syntax is as follows: “event [guard condition] / action”. Guard conditions and actions can be omitted if they do not exist or are irrelevant for the tester.
Q6: A state table is a model equivalent to a state transition diagram. Its rows represent states, and its columns represent events (together with guard conditions if they exist). Table entries (cells) represent transitions, and contain the target state, as well as the resulting actions, if defined. In contrast to the state transition diagram, the state table explicitly shows invalid transitions, which are represented by empty cells.
A: True
B: False
A: True
A state table is a model equivalent to a state transition diagram. Its rows represent states, and its columns represent events (together with guard conditions if they exist). Table entries (cells) represent transitions, and contain the target state, as well as the resulting actions, if defined. In contrast to the state transition diagram, the state table explicitly shows invalid transitions, which are represented by empty cells.
Q7: A test case based on a state transition diagram or state table is usually represented as a sequence of events, which results in a sequence of state changes (and actions, if needed). One test case may, and usually will, cover several transitions between states.
A: True
B: False
A:True
A test case based on a state transition diagram or state table is usually represented as a sequence of events, which results in a sequence of state changes (and actions, if needed). One test case may, and usually will, cover several transitions between states.
Q8: In all states coverage, the coverage items are the states. To achieve 100% all states coverage, test cases must ensure that all the states are visited. Coverage is measured as the number of visited states divided by the total number of states, and is expressed as a percentage.
A: True
B: False
A: True
There exist many coverage criteria for state transition testing. This syllabus discusses three of them.
In all states coverage, the coverage items are the states. To achieve 100% all states coverage, test cases must ensure that all the states are visited. Coverage is measured as the number of visited states divided by the total number of states, and is expressed as a percentage.
In valid transitions coverage (also called 0-switch coverage), the coverage items are single valid transitions. To achieve 100% valid transitions coverage, test cases must exercise all the valid transitions. Coverage is measured as the number of exercised valid transitions divided by the total number of valid transitions, and is expressed as a percentage.
In all transitions coverage, the coverage items are all the transitions shown in a state table. To achieve 100% all transitions coverage, test cases must exercise all the valid transitions and attempt to execute invalid transitions. Testing only one invalid transition in a single test case helps to avoid fault masking, i.e., a situation in which one defect prevents the detection of another. Coverage is measured as the number of valid and invalid transitions exercised or attempted to be covered by executed test cases, divided by the total number of valid and invalid transitions, and is expressed as a percentage.
All states coverage is weaker than valid transitions coverage, because it can typically be achieved without exercising all the transitions. Valid transitions coverage is the most widely used coverage criterion. Achieving full valid transitions coverage guarantees full all states coverage. Achieving full all transitions coverage guarantees both full all states coverage and full valid transitions coverage and should be a minimum requirement for mission and safety-critical software.
Q9: In all transitions coverage, the coverage items are all the transitions shown in a state table. To achieve 100% all transitions coverage, test cases must exercise all the valid transitions and attempt to execute invalid transitions. Testing only one invalid transition in a single test case helps to avoid fault masking, i.e., a situation in which one defect prevents the detection of another. Coverage is measured as the number of valid and invalid transitions exercised or attempted to be covered by executed test cases, divided by the total number of valid and invalid transitions, and is expressed as a percentage.
A: True
B: False
A: True
There exist many coverage criteria for state transition testing. This syllabus discusses three of them.
In all states coverage, the coverage items are the states. To achieve 100% all states coverage, test cases must ensure that all the states are visited. Coverage is measured as the number of visited states divided by the total number of states, and is expressed as a percentage.
In valid transitions coverage (also called 0-switch coverage), the coverage items are single valid transitions. To achieve 100% valid transitions coverage, test cases must exercise all the valid transitions. Coverage is measured as the number of exercised valid transitions divided by the total number of valid transitions, and is expressed as a percentage.
In all transitions coverage, the coverage items are all the transitions shown in a state table. To achieve 100% all transitions coverage, test cases must exercise all the valid transitions and attempt to execute invalid transitions. Testing only one invalid transition in a single test case helps to avoid fault masking, i.e., a situation in which one defect prevents the detection of another. Coverage is measured as the number of valid and invalid transitions exercised or attempted to be covered by executed test cases, divided by the total number of valid and invalid transitions, and is expressed as a percentage.
All states coverage is weaker than valid transitions coverage, because it can typically be achieved without exercising all the transitions. Valid transitions coverage is the most widely used coverage criterion. Achieving full valid transitions coverage guarantees full all states coverage. Achieving full all transitions coverage guarantees both full all states coverage and full valid transitions coverage and should be a minimum requirement for mission and safety-critical software.
Q10: Select 2 White Box Test Techniques
i: Statement testing
ii: Branch testing
iii: Coverage testing
iv: Static testing
A: i , ii
B: ii, iii
C: iii, iv
D: i, iv
A: i , ii
4.3. White-Box Test Techniques
Because of their popularity and simplicity, this section focuses on two code-related white-box test techniques:
1: Statement testing
2: Branch testing
Q11: There are more rigorous techniques that are used in some safety-critical, mission-critical, or high-integrity environments to achieve more thorough code coverage.
A: True
B: False
A: True
There are more rigorous techniques that are used in some safety-critical, mission-critical, or high-integrity environments to achieve more thorough code coverage.
There are also white-box test techniques used in higher test levels (e.g., API testing), or using coverage not related to code (e.g., neuron coverage in neural network testing). These techniques are not discussed in this syllabus.
Q12: There are also white-box test techniques used in higher test levels (e.g., API testing), or using coverage not related to code (e.g., neuron coverage in neural network testing).
A: True
B: False
There are more rigorous techniques that are used in some safety-critical, mission-critical, or high-integrity environments to achieve more thorough code coverage.
There are also white-box test techniques used in higher test levels (e.g., API testing), or using coverage not related to code (e.g., neuron coverage in neural network testing). These techniques are not discussed in this syllabus.
Q13: In statement testing, the coverage items are executable statements. The aim is to design test cases that exercise statements in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved.
A: True
B: False
A: True
4.3.1.Statement Testing and Statement Coverage
In statement testing, the coverage items are executable statements. The aim is to design test cases that exercise statements in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved. Coverage is measured as the number of statements exercised by the test cases divided by the total number of executable statements in the code, and is expressed as a percentage.
Q14: Coverage is measured as the number of statements exercised by the test cases divided by the total number of executable statements in the code, and is expressed as a percentage.
A: True
B: False
A: True
4.3.1.Statement Testing and Statement Coverage
In statement testing, the coverage items are executable statements. The aim is to design test cases that exercise statements in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved. Coverage is measured as the number of statements exercised by the test cases divided by the total number of executable statements in the code, and is expressed as a percentage.
Q15: When 100% statement coverage is achieved, it ensures that all executable statements in the code have been exercised at least once. In particular, this means that each statement with a defect will be executed, which may cause a failure demonstrating the presence of the defect. However, exercising a statement with a test case will not detect defects in all cases. For example, it may not detect defects that are data dependent (e.g., a division by zero that only fails when a denominator is set to zero). Also, 100% statement coverage does not ensure that all the decision logic has been tested as, for instance, it may not exercise all the branches (see chapter 4.3.2) in the code.
A: True
B: False
A:True
When 100% statement coverage is achieved, it ensures that all executable statements in the code have been exercised at least once. In particular, this means that each statement with a defect will be executed, which may cause a failure demonstrating the presence of the defect. However, exercising a statement with a test case will not detect defects in all cases. For example, it may not detect defects that are data dependent (e.g., a division by zero that only fails when a denominator is set to zero). Also, 100% statement coverage does not ensure that all the decision logic has been tested as, for instance, it may not exercise all the branches (see chapter 4.3.2) in the code.
Q16: A branch is a transfer of control between two nodes in the control flow graph, which shows the possible sequences in which source code statements are executed in the test object. Each transfer of control can be either unconditional (i.e., straight-line code) or conditional (i.e., a decision outcome).
A: True
B: False
4.3.2. Branch Testing and Branch Coverage
A branch is a transfer of control between two nodes in the control flow graph, which shows the possible sequences in which source code statements are executed in the test object. Each transfer of control can be either unconditional (i.e., straight-line code) or conditional (i.e., a decision outcome).
Q17: When 100% branch coverage is achieved, all branches in the code, unconditional and conditional, are exercised by test cases. Conditional branches typically correspond to a true or false outcome from an “if…then” decision, an outcome from a switch/case statement, or a decision to exit or continue in a loop.
However, exercising a branch with a test case will not detect defects in all cases. For example, it may not detect defects requiring the execution of a specific path in a code.
A: True
B: False
A: True
In branch testing the coverage items are branches and the aim is to design test cases to exercise branches in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved. Coverage is measured as the number of branches exercised by the test cases divided by the total number of branches, and is expressed as a percentage.
When 100% branch coverage is achieved, all branches in the code, unconditional and conditional, are exercised by test cases. Conditional branches typically correspond to a true or false outcome from an “if…then” decision, an outcome from a switch/case statement, or a decision to exit or continue in a loop.
However, exercising a branch with a test case will not detect defects in all cases. For example, it may not detect defects requiring the execution of a specific path in a code.
Q18: Branch coverage subsumes statement coverage. This means that any set of test cases achieving 100% branch coverage also achieves 100% statement coverage (but not vice versa).
A: True
B: False
A: True
Branch coverage subsumes statement coverage. This means that any set of test cases achieving 100% branch coverage also achieves 100% statement coverage (but not vice versa).
Q19: A fundamental strength that all white-box techniques share is that the entire software implementation is taken into account during testing, which facilitates defect detection even when the software specification is vague, outdated or incomplete. A corresponding weakness is that if the software does not implement one or more requirements, white box testing may not detect the resulting defects of omission (Watson 1996).
A: True
B: False
A: True
4.3.3. The Value of White-box Testing
A fundamental strength that all white-box techniques share is that the entire software implementation is taken into account during testing, which facilitates defect detection even when the software specification is vague, outdated or incomplete. A corresponding weakness is that if the software does not implement one or more requirements, white box testing may not detect the resulting defects of omission (Watson 1996).
Q20: White-box techniques can be used in static testing (e.g., during dry runs of code). They are well suited to reviewing code that is not yet ready for execution (Hetzel 1988), as well as pseudocode and other high-level or top-down logic which can be modeled with a control flow graph.
A: True
B: False
A: True
White-box techniques can be used in static testing (e.g., during dry runs of code). They are well suited to reviewing code that is not yet ready for execution (Hetzel 1988), as well as pseudocode and other high-level or top-down logic which can be modeled with a control flow graph.
Q21: White-box techniques can be used in static testing (e.g., during dry runs of code). They are well suited to reviewing code that is not yet ready for execution (Hetzel 1988), as well as pseudocode and other high-level or top-down logic which can be modeled with a control flow graph.
A: True
B: False
A: True
Performing only black-box testing does not provide a measure of actual code coverage. White-box coverage measures provide an objective measurement of coverage and provide the necessary information to allow additional tests to be generated to increase this coverage, and subsequently increase confidence in the code.
Q22:
Commonly used experience-based test techniques are?
i: Error guessing
ii: Exploratory testing
iii: Checklist-based testing
iv: Static testing
v: Dynamic Testing
A: i , ii, iii
B: ii, iii, iv
C: i, iii, iv
D: iii, iii, v
A: i , ii, iii
4.4. Experience-based Test Techniques
Commonly used experience-based test techniques discussed in the following sections are:
1: Error guessing
2: Exploratory testing
3: Checklist-based testing
Q23: What is Error Guessing?
A: It is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures.
B: Tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object
C: Test are run accordingly to Tester and developer that manage the system
D: A tester designs, implements, and executes tests to cover test conditions from a checklist. Checklists can be built based on experience, knowledge about what is important for the user, or an understanding of why and how software fails.
A: It is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures.
Experience-based test techniques
Error Guessing
Error guessing is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures
Exploratory testing
In exploratory testing, tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object. The testing is used to learn more about the test object, to explore it more deeply with focused tests, and to create tests for untested areas.
Checklist-Based Testing
In checklist-based testing, a tester designs, implements, and executes tests to cover test conditions from a checklist. Checklists can be built based on experience, knowledge about what is important for the user, or an understanding of why and how software fails. Checklists should not contain items that can be checked automatically, items better suited as entry/exit criteria, or items that are too general
Q24: What is Exploratory testing Guessing?
A: It is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures.
B: Tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object
C: Test are run accordingly to Tester and developer that manage the system
D: A tester designs, implements, and executes tests to cover test conditions from a checklist. Checklists can be built based on experience, knowledge about what is important for the user, or an understanding of why and how software fails.
A: True
B: False
B: Tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object
Experience-based test techniques
1: Error Guessing
Error guessing is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures
2: Exploratory testing
In exploratory testing, tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object. The testing is used to learn more about the test object, to explore it more deeply with focused tests, and to create tests for untested areas.
3: Checklist-Based Testing
In checklist-based testing, a tester designs, implements, and executes tests to cover test conditions from a checklist. Checklists can be built based on experience, knowledge about what is important for the user, or an understanding of why and how software fails. Checklists should not contain items that can be checked automatically, items better suited as entry/exit criteria, or items that are too general.
Q25: What is Checklist-based testing ?
A: It is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures.
B: Tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object
C: Test are run accordingly to Tester and developer that manage the system
D: A tester designs, implements, and executes tests to cover test conditions from a checklist. Checklists can be built based on experience, knowledge about what is important for the user, or an understanding of why and how software fails.
A: True
B: False
D: A tester designs, implements, and executes tests to cover test conditions from a checklist. Checklists can be built based on experience, knowledge about what is important for the user, or an understanding of why and how software fails.
Experience-based test techniques
1: Error Guessing
Error guessing is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures
2: Exploratory testing
In exploratory testing, tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object. The testing is used to learn more about the test object, to explore it more deeply with focused tests, and to create tests for untested areas.
3: Checklist-Based Testing
In checklist-based testing, a tester designs, implements, and executes tests to cover test conditions from a checklist. Checklists can be built based on experience, knowledge about what is important for the user, or an understanding of why and how software fails. Checklists should not contain items that can be checked
Q26: Error guessing is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures, based on the tester’s knowledge, including:
i: How the System is setup
ii: Developer and Tester meeting regarding the system
iii: How the application has worked in the past
iv: The types of errors the developers tend to make and the types of defects that result from these errors
v: The types of failures that have occurred in other, similar applications
A: i , ii, iii
B: ii, iii, iv
C: iii, iv, v
D: i, iii, v
C: iii, iv, v
4.4. Experience-based Test Techniques
Commonly used experience-based test techniques discussed in the following sections are:
1: Error guessing
2: Exploratory testing
3: Checklist-based testing
4.4.1. Error Guessing
Error guessing is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures, based on the tester’s knowledge, including:
1: How the application has worked in the past
2: The types of errors the developers tend to make and the types of defects that result from these errors
3: The types of failures that have occurred in other, similar applications
In general, errors, defects and failures may be related to: input (e.g., correct input not accepted, parameters wrong or missing), output (e.g., wrong format, wrong result), logic (e.g., missing cases, wrong operator), computation (e.g., incorrect operand, wrong computation), interfaces (e.g., parameter mismatch, incompatible types), or data (e.g., incorrect initialization, wrong type).
Fault attacks are a methodical approach to the implementation of error guessing. This technique requires the tester to create or acquire a list of possible errors, defects and failures, and to design tests that will identify defects associated with the errors, expose the defects, or cause the failures. These lists can be built based on experience, defect and failure data, or from common knowledge about why software fails.
Q27: In general, errors, defects and failures may be related to: input (e.g., correct input not accepted, parameters wrong or missing), output (e.g., wrong format, wrong result), logic (e.g., missing cases, wrong operator), computation (e.g., incorrect operand, wrong computation), interfaces (e.g., parameter mismatch, incompatible types), or data (e.g., incorrect initialization, wrong type).
A: True
B: False
C: iii, iv, v
4.4. Experience-based Test Techniques
Commonly used experience-based test techniques discussed in the following sections are:
1: Error guessing
2: Exploratory testing
3: Checklist-based testing
4.4.1. Error Guessing
Error guessing is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures, based on the tester’s knowledge, including:
1: How the application has worked in the past
2: The types of errors the developers tend to make and the types of defects that result from these errors
3: The types of failures that have occurred in other, similar applications
In general, errors, defects and failures may be related to: input (e.g., correct input not accepted, parameters wrong or missing), output (e.g., wrong format, wrong result), logic (e.g., missing cases, wrong operator), computation (e.g., incorrect operand, wrong computation), interfaces (e.g., parameter mismatch, incompatible types), or data (e.g., incorrect initialization, wrong type).
Fault attacks are a methodical approach to the implementation of error guessing. This technique requires the tester to create or acquire a list of possible errors, defects and failures, and to design tests that will identify defects associated with the errors, expose the defects, or cause the failures. These lists can be built based on experience, defect and failure data, or from common knowledge about why software fails.
Q28: Fault attacks are a methodical approach to the implementation of error guessing. This technique requires the tester to create or acquire a list of possible errors, defects and failures, and to design tests that will identify defects associated with the errors, expose the defects, or cause the failures. These lists can be built based on experience, defect and failure data, or from common knowledge about why software fails.
A: True
B: False
A: True
4.4. Experience-based Test Techniques
Commonly used experience-based test techniques discussed in the following sections are:
1: Error guessing
2: Exploratory testing
3: Checklist-based testing
4.4.1. Error Guessing
Error guessing is a technique used to anticipate the occurrence of errors, defects, and failures, based on the tester’s knowledge, including:
1: How the application has worked in the past
2: The types of errors the developers tend to make and the types of defects that result from these errors
3: The types of failures that have occurred in other, similar applications
In general, errors, defects and failures may be related to: input (e.g., correct input not accepted, parameters wrong or missing), output (e.g., wrong format, wrong result), logic (e.g., missing cases, wrong operator), computation (e.g., incorrect operand, wrong computation), interfaces (e.g., parameter mismatch, incompatible types), or data (e.g., incorrect initialization, wrong type).
Fault attacks are a methodical approach to the implementation of error guessing. This technique requires the tester to create or acquire a list of possible errors, defects and failures, and to design tests that will identify defects associated with the errors, expose the defects, or cause the failures. These lists can be built based on experience, defect and failure data, or from common knowledge about why software fails.
Q29: In exploratory testing, tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object. The testing is used to learn more about the test object, to explore it more deeply with focused tests, and to create tests for untested areas.
A: True
4.4.2.Exploratory Testing
In exploratory testing, tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object. The testing is used to learn more about the test object, to explore it more deeply with focused tests, and to create tests for untested areas.
Exploratory testing is sometimes conducted using session-based testing to structure the testing. In a session-based approach, exploratory testing is conducted within a defined time-box. The tester uses a test charter containing test objectives to guide the testing. The test session is usually followed by a debriefing that involves a discussion between the tester and stakeholders interested in the test results of the test session. In this approach test objectives may be treated as high-level test conditions. Coverage items are identified and exercised during the test session. The tester may use test session sheets to document the steps followed and the discoveries made.
Exploratory testing is useful when there are few or inadequate specifications or there is significant time pressure on the testing. Exploratory testing is also useful to complement other more formal test techniques. Exploratory testing will be more effective if the tester is experienced, has domain knowledge and has a high degree of essential skills, like analytical skills, curiosity and creativeness.
Exploratory testing can incorporate the use of other test techniques (e.g., equivalence partitioning).
Q30: Exploratory testing is sometimes conducted using session-based testing to structure the testing. In a session-based approach, exploratory testing is conducted within a defined time-box.
A: True
B: False
A: True
4.4.2.Exploratory Testing
In exploratory testing, tests are simultaneously designed, executed, and evaluated while the tester learns about the test object. The testing is used to learn more about the test object, to explore it more deeply with focused tests, and to create tests for untested areas.
Exploratory testing is sometimes conducted using session-based testing to structure the testing. In a session-based approach, exploratory testing is conducted within a defined time-box. The tester uses a test charter containing test objectives to guide the testing. The test session is usually followed by a debriefing that involves a discussion between the tester and stakeholders interested in the test results of the test session. In this approach test objectives may be treated as high-level test conditions. Coverage items are identified and exercised during the test session. The tester may use test session sheets to document the steps followed and the discoveries made.
Exploratory testing is useful when there are few or inadequate specifications or there is significant time pressure on the testing. Exploratory testing is also useful to complement other more formal test techniques. Exploratory testing will be more effective if the tester is experienced, has domain knowledge and has a high degree of essential skills, like analytical skills, curiosity and creativeness.
Exploratory testing can incorporate the use of other test techniques (e.g., equivalence partitioning).
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